I don't think this is the issue, but more likely an effect.
I would suggest that we look at why icon rendering uses post processing. Perhaps we just need to disable the depth render layer when rendering previews. I thought that the material previews uses the custom blend files. if we just disable the depth pass there it perhaps should fix the crash. I am not saying that that is the root cause, but it is just strange that AMD/Apple cannot draw using this shader, seems more likely a driver issue...

Without this patch, the shader does not compile and crashes in glGetProgramiv(shader->program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &status);

Please try after File > Defaults > load factory settings. Otherwise, it could be a fix for another bug, not the linked one. (or obviously as Jeroen said, symptom, not the problem)

I tried to clarify this on the report*. There are two ways to get the crash. Either viewport shading: material, or material properties. The latter can be mitigated by changing render engine to cycles once, back to eevee. The former is what I am trying to emphasise. It is permanent. (now that I am stuck in the middle of a older build process, I cannot test if this patch fixed the latter; sorry)
*: https://developer.blender.org/T74206#881878