Update: If I start blender from a command line prompt as an administrator and wait for about 4 minutes the application finally appears. If I then create an entry on the Windows taskbar for Blender, I can then start it after a wait of about one minute.

I am also experiencing the same problem, except that nothing was displayed on the startup screen and I have verified that the Visual C++ Redistributable packages for Visual Studio 2013 are installed on my system. I experienced this problem both from an .msi file install and subsequently, after uninstalling Blender, from the .zip file as well. I don't know if it matters but I have both Visual Studio 2013 and Visual Studio 2015 installed.